Pd/ZnO催化甲醇水蒸气重整理论研究

随着化石能源的日渐枯竭和人们对环境保护的日益重视,发展清洁高效的新能源成为世界各国高度关注的战略课题。甲醇水蒸气重整是生产氢能的有效方法之一,Pd/ZnO催化剂热稳定性好、选择性高,是可能替代Cu/ZnO的催化剂。本文综述了近十年来采用理论方法对Pd/ZnO催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢机理的研究工作。文章首先论述了催化剂的研究进展,然后对水在单体和聚集状态下在单层及多层平整的和阶梯状的合金表面的吸附和解离进行了总结;接着对甲醇、甲氧基和甲醛在合金表面的吸附和化学反应的热力学和动力学作了介绍;随后基于计算结果,对甲醇反应机理给予了详细的描述。最后对全文进行了总结并对未来的研究作了展望。     

薄油层SAGD开发蒸汽腔发育和生产指标预测

通过分析现场生产数据和数值模拟结果,将薄层稠油油藏蒸汽辅助重力驱油(SAGD)生产中蒸汽腔发育分为横向扩展和向下运移两个过程,并进行简化处理预测SAGD生产指标.联合质量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和周围地层散热模型得到一个描述蒸汽腔发育的综合表达式,该方程属于典型的第二类Volterra积分函数.通过拉普拉斯变换对Volterra积分函数进行半解析求解,最终得到不同时刻蒸汽腔发育状态.为验证模型的正确性,将模型的计算结果与CMG Stars的计算结果对比,整体误差小于5%.新模型可以方便简单地预测SAGD生产中蒸汽腔发育过程和生产动态指标,从而确定SAGD生产的极限油藏参数和合理的注采参数.     

Ni3Al箔在甲烷重整反应中的催化性能

研究了以冷轧工艺制备的Ni₃Al单晶箔(Ni-24at% Al), 以及表面预处理(873 K下蒸汽氧化后还原处理)后的Ni₃Al箔, 在甲烷重整制氢反应中的催化性能. 首先, 采用逐步升温法研究了873～1173 K下Ni₃Al箔的催化活性与温度的关系; 然后, 采用等温法研究了973 K下Ni₃Al箔的催化稳定性. 根据催化反应和扫描电镜显微观察的结果得出: 未经预处理和经过预处理的Ni₃Al箔, 在反应中均显示出一定的催化活性和稳定性; 表面预处理对Ni₃Al箔的催化活性有显著的增强作用, 原因是经过该预处理后的Ni₃Al箔形成了富Ni表面; Ni₃Al箔在甲烷重整反应的气氛中, Ni原子从Ni₃Al基体向表面的移动, 是维持催化活性的主要原因.     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究 II. 水蒸汽处理温度对铵型沸石物化性质的影响

在前文研究天然Stilbite沸石(CXN沸石)水热稳定性影响因素的基础上, 以27Al与29Si MAS NMR, NH3-TPD和低温氮吸附等详细研究了铵型CXN沸石骨架铝配位状态和硅配位状态, 表面酸性与孔性质等与水蒸汽处理温度的关系. 随温度升高, 沸石骨架硅铝比逐渐提高, 并伴随硅羟基缺陷增多. 经750 ℃水蒸汽处理3 h后沸石骨架硅铝比可达到21.3. 沸石总酸量随水蒸汽处理温度的提高而降低, 沸石骨架铝脱除造成沸石孔道部分被堵塞, 但同时形成有利于分子扩散的介孔.     

水蒸气重整生物质裂解油及其模型分子制氢*

随着能源枯竭和环境日益恶化,利用可再生的生物质裂解油或其模型分子重整制氢逐渐引起人们重视。本文结合国内外重整制氢的研究进展,从催化剂、反应过程和反应机理三个方面对生物质裂解油及其模型分子(乙醇、乙酸、乙二醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖和苯酚等)水蒸气重整制氢研究现状进行了回顾。在重整催化剂方面主要对贵金属和过渡金属催化剂的研究进展进行了总结,对一些新的重整过程如液相重整等也进行了介绍。在反应机理方面主要是对乙醇、乙酸、乙二醇和葡萄糖在重整反应中的反应路径进行了归纳。此外,对水蒸气重整反应中遇到的问题如积碳和副产物的产生等也进行了详细的分析,并对生物质制氢未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

Effect of thermophoresis on fog droplet deposition on low pressure steam turbine guide blades

Deposition of droplets in the sub-micron size range, when discouraged by thermophoresis forces, has been studied by a simulation method employing uranine particles entrained in air and flowing through a cascade of full-sized low-pressure steam turbine blades. The particles, generated by a Collison atomiser, had a mass-median diameter range of 0.05–0.25 μm. The test blades were internally heated using hot air and had an output of 600 W/m² of swept surface. Circumferential tape around their surfaces provided a reception medium for the particles, the deposition density variation of which was found by fluorimetry. Prediction of the deposition on an unheated blade using the method of C.N. Davies showed acceptable agreement with the experimental results. The simulation method was validated by showing that the relevant non-dimensional numbers. Schmidt and Reynolds, can be acceptably matched for the air/particle and the steam/droplet cases. Tests on the heated blade showed that the deposition was reduced by 30–90% of the corresponding value for the unheated blade. The extent of the reduction decreased with particle size decrease.     

大型汽轮机部件低周疲劳安全寿命的设计和评定

文中提出了汽轮机部件低周疲劳安全寿命的设计和评定方法。介绍了汽轮机部件低周疲劳安全寿命的含义和计算方法。该方法以概率论和统计学为基础，把汽轮机部件的低周疲劳寿命处理为随机变量，对低周疲劳试验数据进行统计分析来确定材料低周疲劳寿命的分布参数，使用可靠性理论来确定汽轮机部件的低周疲劳安全寿命。文中给出了低周疲劳寿命服从正态分布和对数正态分布时汽轮机部件低周疲劳安全寿命的计算方法和应用实例。该方法考虑了汽轮机运行参数随机性和材料低周疲劳特性离散性的影响，为汽轮机部件低周疲劳寿命的设计、评定和诊断提供了科学的依据。     

Experimental study of the performance characteristics of a steam-ejector refrigeration system

Conventional compression-refrigeration systems not only consume a large amount of electric power, but also cause serious environmental pollution. Among the various possible approaches in overcoming these two problems, a steam-ejector refrigeration system is believed to be most effective. This paper experimentally investigates the controlling parameters of a steam ejector, including operating conditions and the exit Mach number of the primary nozzle. Operation maps useful to the practical design are constructed from experimental results, and the empirical equations are correspondingly derived. Excessively increasing the exit Mach number of primary nozzle is unnecessary, and 4.35 should be a moderate value. With regard to the performance characteristics of the ejector itself, a steam ejector is better than an R114 ejector and is comparable to an R113 ejector. Moreover, with the use of a two-stage ejector, the required pressure to drive a steam ejector is reduced, and the low-grade heat source can be efficiently used. The results of primitive observation of the flow field are also discussed in this work.     

Saturated steam relative permeabilities of unconsolidated porous media

This paper presents a method and describes an experimental device for determining the steam-water relative permeabilites of unconsolidated porous media. The experimental conditions are as close as possible to those of geothermal reservoirs. The relative permeabilities have been obtained at 180 and 150?C. Their variations versus liquid saturation are quite classical. The air-water relative permeabilities have been measured also at room temperature. The values obtained under these three conditions are almost identical. However, the air-water relative permeability differs slightly from that of steam at 180 and 150?C. We think this discrepancy is acceptable in practice, as it is easier to determine the relative permeabilities for an air-water flow at room temperature than for a steam-water flow at high temperature and pressure.     

GC–MS法分析茵陈挥发油成分

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取茵陈中挥发性成分挥发油,用气相色谱–质谱联用技术(GC–MS)对茵陈挥发油成分进行分析鉴定,并采用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。共检出52种挥发性成分,鉴定了其中31种主要挥发性成分,含量较高的组分为石竹素(15.27%)、(–)-斯巴醇(6.64%)、石竹烯(4.89%)等。GC–MS法适用于茵陈挥发性成分的定性分析,具有灵敏度高、分析速度快的特点。